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madoka

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• madoka piano medley
  梶浦由記/animenz

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• a simple task uncovers a postdictive illusion of choice
  adam bear and paul bloom 2016
  http://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616641943
  Link: doi.org/10.1177/0956797616641943

  • Do people know when, or whether, they have made a conscious choice? Here, we explore the possibility that choices can seem to occur before they are actually made. In two studies, participants were asked to quickly choose from a set of options before a randomly selected option was made salient. Even when they believed that they had made their decision prior to this event, participants were significantly more likely than chance to report choosing the salient option when this option was made salient soon after the perceived time of choice. Thus, without participants’ awareness, a seemingly later event influenced choices that were experienced as occurring at an earlier time. These findings suggest that, like certain low-level perceptual experiences, the experience of choice is susceptible to “postdictive” influence and that people may systematically overestimate the role that consciousness plays in their chosen behavior.

• hard decisions shape the neural coding of preferences
  katharina voigt et al. 2018
  https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1681-18.2018

  • people often must decide between two items of equal value. Previous studies have suggested people update their preferences after the fact in order to feel more confident in their decision.

    Stefan Bode, Katharina Voigt, and colleagues tested an alternative hypothesis: difficult decisions actively shape one's preferences. The researchers found when faced with a choice between two desirable snack foods, participants activated a brain network that assigns values to different options during the decision-making process. This neural activity -- in addition to which snack participants' eyes focused on -- predicted how they would later reevaluate the items, valuing the chosen snack more than the unchosen one. These findings challenge traditional views of the relationship between decisions and preferences.

  • abstract Hard decisions between equally valued alternatives can result in preference changes, meaning that subsequent valuations for chosen items increase and decrease for rejected items. Previous research suggests that this phenomenon is a consequence of cognitive dissonance reduction after the decision, induced by the mismatch between initial preferences and decision outcomes. In contrast, this functional magnetic resonance imaging and eye-tracking study with male and female human participants found that preferences are already updated online during the process of decision making. Preference changes were predicted from activity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and precuneus while making hard decisions. Fixation durations during this phase predicted both choice outcomes and subsequent preference changes. These preference adjustments became behaviourally relevant only for choices that were remembered and were in turn associated with hippocampus activity. Our suggest that preferences evolve dynamically as decisions arise, potentially as a mechanism to prevent stalemate situations in underdetermined decision scenarios.

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• the impact of a landmark neuroscience study on free will: a qualitative analysis of articles using libet and colleagues’ methods
  victoria saigle et al. 2018
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2018.1425756

  • Gathering evidence across disciplines is a strength of interdisciplinary fields like neuroethics. However, conclusions can only be made if the evidence applies to the issue at hand. Libet and colleagues’ 1983 experiment is an interesting case study in this problem. Despite ongoing critiques about the methods used and the replicability of its findings, many people consider Libet and colleagues’ methodology a valid strategy to investigate free will and related topics. We reviewed studies using methods similar to those of Libet and colleagues (N = 48) to identify its use and the evidence produced. Overall, we found substantial variation between studies. While the Libet paradigm may be useful for examining how stimuli affect temporal judgments, the link between this and free will or moral responsibility is not clear. Being aware and critical of the methods used to gather results is important when applying scientific experiments to complex, abstract phenomena.

• breathing is coupled with voluntary action and the cortical readiness potential
  hyeong-dong park et al. 2020
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13967-9

  • voluntary action is indeed linked to your body’s inner state, especially with breathing and expiration but not with some other bodily signals, such as the heartbeat,” explains Olaf Blanke, EPFL’s Foundation Bertarelli Chair in Cognitive Neuroprosthetics and senior author.

    At the center of these results is the readiness potential (RP), a signal of brain activity observed in the human cortex that appears not only before voluntary muscle movement, but also before one becomes aware of the intention to move. The RP is the signature of voluntary action since it consistently appears in brain activity measurements right before acts of free will (like being aware that one wants to reach for the chocolate).
    Interpretations of the RP have been debated for decades. Some interpret the RP to show that free will is an illusion, since the RP precedes the conscious experience of free will. It seems to show that the brain commits to a decision (chocolate) before we are even consciously aware of having made that decision.
    More recently, it was suggested that the RP could be an artefact of measurement, potentially putting free will back into our command.
    But if we take on the view that our conscious decisions arise from a cascade of firing neurons, then the origin of the RP may actually provide insight into the mechanisms that lead to voluntary action and free will. The way the brain’s neurons work together to come to a decision is still poorly understood. Our conscious experience of free will, our ability to make decisions freely, may then be intricately wired to the rest of our body.
    The EPFL results suggest that the origin of the RP is linked to breathing, providing a new perspective on experiences of free will: the regular cycle of breathing is part of the mechanism that leads to conscious decision-making and acts of free will. Moreover, we are more likely to initiate voluntary movements as we exhale. (Did you reach for that piece of chocolate during an exhale?)
    These findings suggest that the breathing pattern may be used to predict ‘when’ people begin voluntary action. Your breathing patterns could also be used to predict consumer behavior, like when you click on that button. Medical devices that use brain-computer interfaces could be tuned and improved according to breathing. The breathing-action coupling could be used in research and diagnostic tools for patients with deficits in voluntary action control, like obsessive compulsive disorders, Parkinson disease, and Tourette syndromes. Blanke and Hyeong-Dong Park, first author of this research, have filed a patent based on these findings.

    Free will hijacked by interoceptive signals?
    More generally, the EPFL findings suggest that acts of free will are affected by signals from other systems of the body. Succumbing to that urge to eat chocolate may depend more on your body’s internal signals than you may realize!
    Blanke elaborates, “That voluntary action, an internally or self-generated action, is coupled with an interoceptive signal, breathing, may be just one example of how acts of free will are hostage to a host of inner body states and the brain’s processing of these internal signals. Interestingly, such signals have also been shown to be of relevance for self-consciousness.”
    You may be tempted to blame acts of chocolate binging on interoceptive electrical signals hijacking your free will. The gut-mind connection is an active field of research and interoceptive messages sent to the brain certainly impact food cravings. For now, this latest EPFL research only improves predictions of when you will indulge in that craving, and not what you actually crave.
    Acts of free will and inner states of the body
    The prevailing view in neuroscience is that consciousness is an emergent phenomenon of the brain. Firing of the brain’s neurons leads to consciousness and the feeling of free will or voluntary action. By belonging to the physical universe, the brain’s electrical activity within the constraints of anatomy, is subject to the laws of physics. In this sense, brain signals encoding the body, lungs and heart might naturally affect the brain’s cognitive states too and therefore influence acts of free will.
    To test whether the RP depends on the body’s inner state and the brain’s representation thereof, Blanke and colleagues asked 52 subjects to press a button at will at Campus Biotech in Geneva. EEGs monitored brain activity, a belt around the chest measured breathing activity and cardiac activity was recorded.
    The scientists found that the RP and voluntary action (pressing the button) is linked to the body’s inner state — the regular breathing cycle — but not to the heartbeat. Participants initiated voluntary movements more frequently during an exhale than an inhale and were completely unaware of this breathing-action coupling. The RP was also modulated depending on the breathing cycle.
    EPFL scientist and first author of the study Hyeong-Dong Park explains, “The RP no longer corresponds only to cortical activity ‘unconsciously preparing’ voluntary action. The RP, at least partly, reflects respiration-related cortical processing that is coupled to voluntary action. More generally, it further suggests that higher-level motor control, such as voluntary action, is shaped or affected by the involuntary and cyclic motor act of our internal body organs, in particular the lungs. Still the precise neural activity that controls breathing remains to be mapped.”
    The readiness potential and interpretations
    Philosophers, psychologists, and more recently neuroscientists have long debated our ability to act freely. The meaning of the readiness potential (RP) has been questioned ever since its discovery by neuroscientists Hans Helmut Kornhuber and Lüder Deecke in 1965, and later regarding its relation to free will in neuroscientist Benjamin Libet’s experiments.
    The entire brain consists of approximately 100 billion neurons, and each individual neuron transmits electrical signals as the brain works. Electrodes placed on the head can measure the collective electrical activity of the brain’s neurons, seen as wavy lines called an electroencephalogram (EEG).
    In 1965, neuroscientists Hans Helmut Kornhuber and Lüder Deecke conducted a seminal experiment to test voluntary action and discovered a recurring pattern of brain activity. They placed EEG electrodes on top of the subject’s head, and asked the subject to press a button at will. Kornhuber and Deecke discovered that the EEG consistently exhibited a rising slope of wavy lines, the readiness potential, 1 second or more before voluntary movement.
    In the early 1980s, neuroscientist Benjamin Libet further tested the relationship between the RP and conscious awareness or intention of voluntary action. His highly influential results showed that approximately 200ms before his subjects pressed the button, they were aware of an urge or the intention to act, something Libet referred to as the W time, and yet the RP consistently preceded W time.
    Libet suggested that these findings showed that even before we make a conscious decision of voluntary action, the brain was already unconsciously activated and involved in planning the action.
    Some have interpreted the relation between the RP and W time as an indication that human free will might be an illusion. The RP is viewed as the brain committing to a decision (to press the button) before the subject is even aware of having made that decision. If commitment to a decision is being made before we are even aware of it, then what mechanism is making the decision for us?
    For the neuroscientist who considers consciousness to arise from brain activity (versus brain activity arising from consciousness), Libet’s results may not surprising, since the conscious experience of free will is viewed as an emergent phenomenon of brain activity.
    Yet, Libet’s results are in conflict with the notion of free will and voluntary action in philosophy of the mind, in folk psychology, in culture, and in legal matters.

  • abstract Voluntary action is a fundamental element of self-consciousness. The readiness potential (RP), a slow drift of neural activity preceding self-initiated movement, has been suggested to reflect neural processes underlying the preparation of voluntary action; yet more than fifty years after its introduction, interpretation of the RP remains controversial. Based on previous research showing that internal bodily signals affect sensory processing and ongoing neural activity, we here investigated the potential role of interoceptive signals in voluntary action and the RP. We report that (1) participants initiate voluntary actions more frequently during expiration, (2) this respiration-action coupling is absent during externally triggered actions, and (3) the RP amplitude is modulated depending on the respiratory phase. Our findings demonstrate that voluntary action is coupled with the respiratory system and further suggest that the RP is associated with fluctuations of ongoing neural activity that are driven by the involuntary and cyclic motor act of breathing.

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• the myth of freedom
  yuval noah harari 2018
  https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/14/yuval-noah-harari-the-new-threat-to-liberal-democracy

  • “People sometimes imagine that if we renounce our belief in “free will”, we will become completely apathetic, and just curl up in some corner and starve to death. In fact, renouncing this illusion can have two opposite effects: first, it can create a far stronger link with the rest of the world, and make you more attentive to your environment and to the needs and wishes of others. It is like when you have a conversation with someone. If you focus on what you want to say, you hardly really listen. You just wait for the opportunity to give the other person a piece of your mind. But when you put your own thoughts aside, you can suddenly hear other people.
  • Second, renouncing the myth of free will can kindle a profound curiosity. If you strongly identify with the thoughts and desires that emerge in your mind, you don’t need to make much effort to get to know yourself. You think you already know exactly who you are. But once you realise “Hi, this isn’t me. This is just some changing biochemical phenomenon!” then you also realise you have no idea who – or what – you actually are. This can be the beginning of the most exciting journey of discovery any human can undertake.”

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• hard-incompatibilist existentialism: neuroscience, punishment, and meaning in life
  derk pereboom and gregg d. caruso 2017

• free will skepticism and criminal behavior: a public health-quarantine model
  gregg d. caruso

• the public health-quarantine model
  gregg d. caruso 2018

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• 光の旋律
  kalafina

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• when not choosing leads to not liking: choice-induced preference in infancy
  alex m. silver et al. 2020
  doi.org/10.1177%2f0956797620954491

  • When a baby reaches for one stuffed animal in a room filled with others just like it, that seemingly random choice is very bad news for those unpicked toys: the baby has likely just decided she doesn't like what she didn't choose.
    Though researchers have long known that adults build unconscious biases over a lifetime of making choices between things that are essentially the same, the new Johns Hopkins University finding that even babies engage in this phenomenon demonstrates that this way of justifying choice is intuitive and somehow fundamental to the human experience.
    "The act of making a choice changes how we feel about our options," said co-author Alex Silver, a former Johns Hopkins undergraduate who's now a graduate student in cognitive psychology at the University of Pittsburgh. "Even infants who are really just at the start of making choices for themselves have this bias."
    The findings are published today in the journal Psychological Science.
    People assume they choose things that they like. But research suggests that's sometimes backwards: We like things because we choose them. And, we dislike things that we don't choose.
    "I chose this, so I must like it. I didn't choose this other thing, so it must not be so good. Adults make these inferences unconsciously," said co-author Lisa Feigenson, a Johns Hopkins cognitive scientist specializing in child development. "We justify our choice after the fact."
    This makes sense for adults in a consumer culture who must make arbitrary choices every day, between everything from toothpaste brands to makes of cars to styles of jeans. The question, for Feigenson and Silver, was when exactly people start doing this. So they turned to babies, who don't get many choices so, as Feigenson puts it, are "a perfect window into the origin of this tendency."
    The team brought 10- to 20-month-old babies into the lab and gave them a choice of objects to play with: two equally bright and colorful soft blocks.
    They set each block far apart, so the babies had to crawl to one or the other -- a random choice.
    After the baby chose one of the toys, the researchers took it away and came back with a new option. The babies could then pick from the toy they didn't play with the first time, or a brand new toy.
    "The babies reliably chose to play with the new object rather than the one they had previously not chosen, as if they were saying, 'Hmm, I didn't choose that object last time, I guess I didn't like it very much,' " Feigenson said. "That is the core phenomenon. Adults will like less the thing they didn't choose, even if they had no real preference in the first place. And babies, just the same, dis-prefer the unchosen object."
    In follow-up experiments, when the researchers instead chose which toy the baby would play with, the phenomenon disappeared entirely. If you take the element of choice away, Feigenson said, the phenomenon goes away.
    "They are really not choosing based on novelty or intrinsic preference," Silver said. "I think it's really surprising. We wouldn't expect infants to be making such methodical choices."

  • abstract The question of how people’s preferences are shaped by their choices has generated decades of research. In a classic example, work on cognitive dissonance has found that observers who must choose between two equally attractive options subsequently avoid the unchosen option, suggesting that not choosing the item led them to like it less. However, almost all of the research on such choice-induced preference focuses on adults, leaving open the question of how much experience is necessary for its emergence. Here, we examined the developmental roots of this phenomenon in preverbal infants (N = 189). In a series of seven experiments using a free-choice paradigm, we found that infants experienced choice-induced preference change similar to adults’. Infants’ choice patterns reflected genuine preference change and not attraction to novelty or inherent attitudes toward the options. Hence, choice shapes preferences—even without extensive experience making decisions and without a well-developed self-concept.

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• symposium magarum
  梶浦由記/yui morishita

  • piano solo
    youtu.be/cnP_u-vqIDk

  • piano solo transcription
    youtu.be/NTAYwjMJWUM

  • classical
    youtu.be/XLHy9rXnn7w

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• believe
  kalafina

  • piano kalafina
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDYcg7iyffg

  • live 2016
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGqcaKoWqA0

  • 漢字

    • まだ何も知らない
      二人だった
      左手で儚く
      虚無を弄った
      僅かな葛藤が
      君の手を縛って
      未来の姿を欺\く

      守ることさえ知らないけど
      偽りの理想－おもい－でも構\わない
      生きてみたい
      自分を

      巡り来る
      時の中で出会った
      君といた僕を信じている
      この夢が優しく果てるまで
      切り開け蒼い日々を
      fight your fate

      静かな夜に
      そっと灯した
      言葉だった
      冷たい雨のように落ちる
      白い月の光の中で

      信じること
      だけを信じた
      眩しいほど強く
      夜を照らす光だった
      思いを繋ぐよ

      まだ僕は知らない
      哀しみが運命－さだめ－の果てに描く
      虚無の姿を

      願いの残像が
      ノイズのように降って
      古びた思いも見えない

      それでも君が笑ったから
      どうしても捨てられない未来
      生きてゆこう
      自分を

      過ぎて行く時の中で出会った
      変わりゆく僕を信じている
      この夢が果てるその先まで
      切り開け蒼い日々を

  • english

    • まだ何も知らない
      mada nani mo shiranai
      didn’t know anything
      二人だった
      futari datta
      the two of us still
      左手で儚く
      hidarite de hakanaku
      with my left hand
      虚無を弄った
      kyomu wo masagutta
      i toyed with fleeting nothingness
      僅かな葛藤が
      wazuka na kattou ga
      the slight complications
      君の手を縛って
      kimi no te wo shibatte
      bound your hands
      未来の姿を欺く
      mirai no sugata wo azamuku
      deceiving the shape of the future

      守ることさえ知らないけど
      mamoru koto sae shiranai kedo
      i don’t even know what i should protect
      偽りの理想－おもい－でも構\わない
      itsuwari no omoi demo kamawanai
      but i don’t care if my ideals [feelings] are a lie
      生きてみたい
      ikite mitai
      i want to live
      自分を
      jibun wo
      as myself

      巡り来る
      megurikuru
      we met
      時の中で出会った
      toki no naka de deatta
      within the circle of time
      君といた僕を信じている
      kimi to ita boku wo shinjiteiru
      i believe in the me who was with you
      この夢が優しく果てるまで
      kono yume ga yasashiku hateru made
      so until this dream gently ends
      切り開け蒼い日々を
      kirihirake aoi hibi wo
      i’ll cut through our youthful days
      「fight your fate」

      静かな夜に
      shizuka na yoru ni
      in the quiet night
      そっと灯した
      sotto tomoshita
      lit a quiet light
      言葉だった
      kotoba datta
      those words
      冷たい雨のように落ちる
      tsumetai ame no you ni ochiru
      that fell like a cold rain
      白い月の光の中で
      shiroi tsuki no hikari no naka de
      in the white moonlight

      信じること
      shinjiru koto
      i believed only
      だけを信じた
      dake wo shinjita
      in believing
      眩しいほど強く
      mabushii hodo tsuyoku
      was so strong that it was dazzling
      夜を照らす光だった
      yoru wo terasu hikari datta
      the light that lit the night
      思いを繋ぐよ
      omoi wo tsunagu yo
      connecting feelings

      まだ僕は知らない
      mada boku wa shiranai
      i still don’t know
      哀しみが運命－さだめ－の果てに描く
      kanashimi ga sadame no hate ni kaku
      the form of the nothingness
      虚無の姿を
      kyomu no sugata wo
      that sadness inscribed at the end of fate

      願いの残像が
      negai no zanzou ga
      the afterimage of a wish
      ノイズのように降って
      noizu no you ni futte
      falls like noise
      古びた思いも見えない
      furubita omoi mo mienai
      and i can’t even see the old feelings

      それでも君が笑ったから
      soredemo kimi ga waratta kara
      even so, because you were smiling
      どうしても捨てられない未来
      doushite mo suterarenai mirai
      i just can’t throw the future away no matter what i do
      生きてゆこう
      ikite yukou
      so i’ll go on living it
      自分を
      jibun wo
      as myself

      過ぎて行く時の中で出会った
      sugite yuku toki no naka de deatta
      we met within passing time
      変わりゆく僕を信じている
      kawariyuku boku wo shinjiteiru
      i believe in the me who is changing all the time
      この夢が果てるその先まで
      kono yume ga hateru sono saki made
      so beyond the point where this dream ends
      切り開け蒼い日々を
      kirihirake aoi hibi wo
      i’ll cut through our youthful days
      「fight your fate」

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• 残酷な天使のテーゼ

  • 残酷な天使のように　少年よ神話になれ

    蒼い風がいま　胸のドアを叩いても
    私だけをただ見つめて微笑んでるあなた
    そっとふれるもの　もとめることに夢中で
    運命さえまだ知らない　いたいけな瞳

    だけどいつか気付くでしょう　その背中には
    遙か未来めざすための羽根があること

    残酷な天使のテーゼ　窓辺からやがて飛び立つ
    ほとばしる熱いパトスで　思い出を裏切るなら
    この宇宙
    そら
    を抱いて輝く　少年よ神話になれ

    ずっと眠ってる　私の愛の揺りかご
    あなただけが夢の使者に呼ばれる朝が来る
    細い首筋を　月あかりが映してる
    世界中の時を止めて閉じこめたいけど

    もしもふたり逢えたことに意味があるなら
    私はそう　自由を知るためのバイブル

    残酷な天使のテーゼ　悲しみがそしてはじまる
    抱きしめた命のかたち　その夢に目覚めたとき
    誰よりも光を放つ　少年よ神話になれ

    人は愛をつむぎながら歴史をつくる
    女神なんてなれないまま　私は生きる

    残酷な天使のテーゼ　窓辺からやがて飛び立つ
    ほとばしる熱いパトスで　思い出を裏切るなら
    この宇宙を抱いて輝く　少年よ神話になれ

    Romanized Japanese

    You must enable javascript to view this page. This is a requirement of our licensing agreement with music Gracenote.
    Zankoku na tenshi no youni shounen yo shinwa ni nare

    Aoi kaze ga ima mune no DOA (read as door) o tataite-mo
    Watashi-dake o tada mitsumete hohoenderu anata
    Sotto fureru-mono motomeru-koto ni muchuu de
    Unmei-sae mada shiranai itaike na hitomi

    Dakedo itsuka kiduku-deshou sono senaka ni wa
    Haruka mirai mezasutame no hane ga aru-koto

    Zankoku na tenshi no TEEZE (read as thesis), madobe-kara yagate tobitatsu
    Hotobashiru atsui PATOSU (read as pathos) de omoide o uragiru-nara
    Kono sora o daite kagayaku shounen yo shinwa ni nare

    Zutto nemutteru watashi no ai no yurikago
    Anata-dake ga yume no shisha ni yobareru asa ga kuru
    Hosoi kubisuji o tsuki-akari ga utsushiteru
    Sekai-juu no toki o tomete tojikometai-kedo

    Moshi mo futari aeta-koto ni imi ga aru-nara
    Watashi wa sou jiyuu o shiru-tame no BAIBURU (read as bible)

    Zankoku na tenshi no TEEZE (read as thesis), kanashimi ga soshite hajimaru
    Dakishimeta inochi no katachi, sono yume ni mezameta-toki
    Dareyori mo hikari o hanatsu shounen yo shinwa ni nare

    Hito wa ai o tsumugi-nagara rekishi o tsukuru
    Megami-nante narenai-mama watashi wa ikiru

    Zankoku na tenshi no TEEZE (read as thesis), madobe-kara yagate tobitatsu
    Hotobashiru atsui PATOSU (read as pathos) de omoide o uragiru-nara
    Kono sora o daite kagayaku shounen yo shinwa ni nare

    English Translation

    You must enable javascript to view this page. This is a requirement of our licensing agreement with music Gracenote.
    Like a cruel angel, boy, become legend!

    A blue wind is now knocking at the door to your heart, yet
    You are merely gazing and smiling at me
    Something gently touching - you’re so intent on seeking it out
    That you can’t even see your fate yet, with such innocent eyes

    But someday I think you’ll find out that what’s on your back
    Are wings that are for heading for the far-off future

    The cruel angel’s thesis will soon take flight through the window
    with surging, hot pathos, if you betray your memories
    Embracing this sky and shining, boy, become legend!

    Sleeping for a long time in the cradle of my love
    The morning is coming when you alone will be called by a messenger of dreams
    Moonlight reflects off the nape of your slender neck
    Stopping time all throughout the world I want to confine them, but...

    So if two people being brought together by fate has any meaning,
    I think that it is a bible for learning freedom

    The cruel angel’s thesis, the sorrow then begins
    You held tight to the form of life when you woke up from that dream
    You shine brighter than anyone else. Boy, become legend!

    People create history while weaving love
    Even knowing I’ll never be a goddess or anything like that, I live on

    The cruel angel’s thesis will soon take flight through the window
    with surging, hot pathos, if you betray your memories
    Embracing this sky and shining, boy, become legend!

09166

• exploring why leaders do what they do: an integrative review of the situation-trait approach and situation-encoding schemas
  ryan k. gottfredson, christopher s. reina 2020
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101373

  • “Mindsets are leaders’ mental lenses that selectively organize and process information in unique ways, guiding them toward corresponding actions and responses,” Reina said. “In other words, mindsets dictate what information leaders take in and use to make sense of and navigate the situations they encounter. Simply, mindsets drive why and what leaders do.”
    The authors identified four distinct series of mindsets that affect leaders’ ability to engage, navigate change and lead more effectively: growth vs. fixed mindsets, learning vs. performance mindsets, deliberative vs. implemental mindsets, and promotion vs. prevention mindsets.
    “If organizations want their investment in leadership development to more fully pay off, it is essential that they prioritize mindset development, specifically by targeting growth, learning, deliberative and promotion leader mindsets,” Reina said. “If organizations focus on and help leaders hone these mindsets, they are much more likely to give their leaders and their organization the gift of lasting and meaningful development.”
    A growth mindset is the belief that people, including oneself, can change their talents, abilities and intelligence, while those with a fixed mindset do not believe that people can change.
    A learning mindset involves being motivated toward increasing one’s competence and mastering something new. A performance mindset involves being motivated toward gaining favorable judgments — or avoiding negative judgments — about one’s competence.
    Leaders with a deliberative mindset have a heightened receptiveness to all kinds of information as a way to ensure that they think and act optimally. Leaders with an implemental mindset are more focused on implementing decisions, which closes them off to new and different ideas and information.
    Those with a promotion mindset focus on winning and gains. They identify a specific purpose, goal or destination and prioritize making progress toward it. Conversely, leaders with a prevention mindset focus on avoiding losses and preventing problems at all costs.

  • abstract In order to enhance leaders’ effectiveness, it is critical to clearly and accurately understand the underlying processes that contribute to leaders’ decision making and behavior. The traditional trait approach to understanding leaders’ underlying processing carries limitations and does not capture any of the situational characteristics that may be important. We thus advance the situation-trait approach by introducing the Cognitive Affective Processing Systems framework more fully into the leadership domain. A primary benefit of integrating this framework is that it identifies an attribute largely overlooked by leadership scholars, yet foundational to leaders’ processing and behaviors: situation-encoding schemas. We integrate and review decades of research on four sets of situation-encoding schemas to demonstrate their important role in determining why leaders do what they do. This consensus shift, novel focus on situation-encoding schemas, and integration of four disparate sets of well-studied situation-encoding schemas has important implications for leaders’ self-awareness, meta-cognition, effectiveness, and development.

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• not yet read

  • the human instinct: how we evolved to have reason, consciousness, and free will
    kenneth miller 2018

  • gnomon
    nick harkaway 2017

  • panpsychism in the west
    david skrbina 2017

  • who’s in charge?: free will and the science of the brain
    michael gazzaniga 2011

  • beyond the brain: how body and environment shape animal and human minds
    by louise barrett 2011

  • admirable evasions: how psychology undermines morality
    theodore dalrymple 2015

  • women and violence: the agency of victims and perpetrators
    heather widdows, herjeet marway 2015

  • Derk Pereboom

    • Free Will, Agency, and Meaning in Life
    • Living Without Free Will

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• most people live on autopilot, so you shouldn’t take what they say or do to heart.

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• magia
  kalafina

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• credens justitiam
  梶浦由記

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• agency
  • haters going to hate and lovers going to love, except in that one percent of times when change can happen. so both bad things and good things happening to you are mostly not because of what you have done or not done — yet there is still that one percent where you can change the world.
  • the course our life will run unless we are acted upon by external forces or we enact change upon ourselves. thus at once it is predetermined – in the sense of a flow set by our existing habits – but also malleable – in that what we do and face can change its course.
  • People can seem accepting of everything when actually they believe in two very disparate beliefs.
    • One is belief in surrender. They believe that change is impossible, that all is beyond their control. This is what abusers want their victims to believe.
    • The other is belief in agency. We believe we can change, that often it easier that we think, that what we do makes a difference.
    • The two beliefs themselves are not so very different — both are about what we believe about change. Yet believing in one leads to death, decay and destruction. And believing in the other leads to life, growth and creation.
  • self–determination
    • “one can lead a horse to water, but one cannot force him to drink”.
    • as i like to extend the proverb (the horse) chooses himself whether to drink.
    • what people forget is there is more than one tendency. our genes, epigenes, environment, culture; none of these is monolithic. this is why our fate is undecided until we decide it ourselves.

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• sis puella magica
  梶浦由記

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• illusion of mastery, illusion of certainty, illusion of control
• contrary to what we might expect, coming to understand how little control we have over our lives does not necessarily result in nihilism, or a loss of hope. rather, by dissolving the illusion of control, we can direct our efforts in those ways that are truly effective rather than following illusory paths.

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• illusion of agency
  • am remarkably able to influence what I wish to learn and thus do. this may not be true, but is a nice illusion to hold
  • it is not a conspiracy, inevitability, or fate; but it is something that we can work to resolve when we choose to.
  • dealing with headstrong people who may have and will achieve great things but must be careful in later life that when they are no longer able to preserve the illusion of control that they do not fall apart.
  • perhaps the strongest and most insidious means of power and control is the control of someone's values.

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• incoming

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• readiness, appropriateness, fate
  • When someone is ready, they can act of their own volition. We can prepare somewhat, and that is what we call planning, learning. If the preparations turn out to be appropriate then we may in that case do well.
  • If we stop learning, or unable to deal with obstacles like illusions, diversions or deceptions, then our actions will be less appropriate.
  • Without this willingness to learn to act appropriately, people are forced to accept their fate, by definition, as they are not able to do anything about it.
  • We create our own fate, even though we sometimes don't remember this.

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• most people just want to be the hero of their own story. that is why they find understanding the limits on our agency so depressing, not because it is not true, but because the reality in which they wish to live is shown to be an illusion.
• the way to deal with this is not to deny reality, but to learn, now that we can, to live better in the reality we can now understand.

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• we are both born to our fates and also we create our fates, at one and the same time.

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• madoka
  • dysprosium Dy (δυσπρόσιτος dysprositos, hard to get)
  • kaname madoka
    • saving magical girls from becoming witches
      • goddess of mercy
    • red ribbon in hair
  • FF
  • http link back to 00100